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May be accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
Depending on the severity of the course, dysphagia is noted - a swallowing disorder, which can be primary (as a result of impaired motor skills) or be a consequence of the development of strictures (narrowings) of the esophagus.
GERD often occurs with atypical clinical manifestations. chest pain (usually after eating, aggravated by bending over), heaviness in the abdomen after eating, hypersalivation (excessive salivation) during sleep, bad breath, hoarseness. Indirect signs indicating a possible pathology are frequent pneumonia and bronchospasm, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a tendency to laryngitis and otitis media, damage to tooth enamel. Of particular danger in terms of clopidogrel pills of severe complications is GERD, which occurs without severe symptoms.
The most common (in 30-45% of cases) complication of GERD is the development of reflux esophagitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the lower esophagus, resulting from regular irritation of the walls by gastric contents. In the event of ulcerative-erosive lesions of the mucosa and their subsequent healing, the remaining scars can lead to strictures - narrowing of the lumen of generic clopidogrel. Reduced patency of the esophagus is manifested by developing dysphagia, combined with heartburn and belching.
Prolonged inflammation of the esophageal wall can lead to the formation of an ulcer - a defect that damages the wall up to the submucosal layers. An esophageal ulcer often contributes to bleeding. Long-term gastroesophageal reflux and chronic esophagitis provoke the epithelium normal for the lower esophagus to buy plavix online or intestinal. This degeneration is called Barrett's disease. This is a precancerous condition, which in 2-5% of patients transforms into adenocarcinoma (cancer of the esophagus) - a malignant epithelial tumor.
The main diagnostic method for detecting clopidogrel and determining the severity and morphological changes in the wall of the esophagus is esophagogastroduodenoscopy. It is carried out after consultation with an endoscopist. During this study, a biopsy sample is also taken to study the histological picture of the condition of the mucosa and diagnose Barrett's esophagus.
Buy clopidogrel online of the esophagus can reveal an esophageal ulcer, the presence of strictures, and diaphragmatic hernia. In half of clopidogrel pills, reflux can be noted. The pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter is determined using manometry. Characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux disease is a positive Bernstein test (with the introduction of a 0.1% solution of hydrochloric acid into the esophagus, a burning sensation appears), as well as the rapid disappearance of clinical symptoms when taking antacids (alkaline test). The motor function of the esophagus is examined using electromyography.
For early detection of mucosal changes in the type of Barrett's disease, all patients suffering from chronic heartburn are recommended endoscopic examination (gastroscopy) with a biopsy of the esophageal mucosa. Often, patients report coughing, hoarseness. In such cases, it is necessary to consult an otolaryngologist to identify inflammation of the larynx and pharynx. If the cause of laryngitis and pharyngitis is reflux, antacids are prescribed. After that, the signs of inflammation subside.
Non-drug therapeutic measures for gastroesophageal disease include the normalization of body weight, adherence to a diet (in small portions every 3-4 hours, eating no later than 3 hours before bedtime), avoiding foods that help relax the esophageal sphincter (fatty food, chocolate, spices, coffee, oranges, tomato juice, onions, mint, alcoholic drinks), increasing the amount of animal protein in the diet, avoiding hot food and alcohol. Tight clothing that constricts the body should be avoided.
It is recommended to buy clopidogrel online on a bed with a headboard raised by 15 centimeters, smoking cessation. It is necessary to avoid prolonged work in an inclined state, heavy physical exertion. Drugs that negatively affect esophageal motility (nitrates, anticholinergics, beta-blockers, progesterone, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers), as well as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are contraindicated.drugs that have a toxic effect on the mucous membrane of the organ.
Drug treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease is carried out by a gastroenterologist. Therapy takes from 5 to 8 weeks (sometimes the course of treatment reaches a duration of up to 26 weeks), is carried out using the following groups of drugs. antacids (aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide), H2-histamine blockers (ranitidine, famotidine), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, rebeprazole, esomeprazole).
In cases where conservative therapy for GERD does not work (about 5-10% of cases), with the development of complications or diaphragmatic hernia, surgical treatment is performed. The following surgical interventions are used. endoscopic plication of the gastroesophageal junction (sutures are placed on the cardia), radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus (damage to the muscular layer of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction, in order to buy plavix for sale and reduce reflux), gastrocardiopexy and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Prevention of plavix pills of GERD is the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle with the exclusion of risk factors that contribute to the onset of the disease (smoking cessation, alcohol abuse, fatty and spicy foods, overeating, weight lifting, prolonged inclination, etc.). Timely measures are recommended to identify violations of the motility of the upper digestive tract and treatment of diaphragmatic hernia.
